1,293 research outputs found
On the Ehrenfest theorem of quantum mechanics
We give a mathematically rigorous derivation of Ehrenfest's equations for the
evolution of position and momentum expectation values, under general and
natural assumptions which include atomic and molecular Hamiltonians with
Coulomb interactions.Comment: To appear in J. Math. Phy
Climbing the water ladder: multiple-use water services for poverty reduction
Multiple use / Models / Water productivity / Research projects / Water supply / Domestic water / Irrigation water / Water governance / Poverty / Gender / Rural areas / Wells / Water harvesting / Runoff / Water storage / Water purification / Appropriate technology / Costs / Local government / Non governmental organizations / Case studies / Ehiopia / Nepal / Zimbabwe / Bolivia / India / Colombia / Thailand / South Africa
Effects of Dust Scattering in Expanding Spherical Nebulae
The mean intensity of planetary nebulae with an expanding atmosphere is
modeled by considering dusty and dust-free atmospheres. The bulk matter density
is determined from the adopted velocity field through the equation of
continuity. The gas is assumed to consist of hydrogen and helium and the
gas-to-dust mass ratio is taken to be . The Rayleigh phase
function is employed for atomic scattering while the full Mie theory of
scattering is incorporated for determining the dust scattering and absorption
cross-section as well as the phase function for the angular distribution of
photons after scattering. It is shown that in a dust free atmosphere, the mean
intensity increases with the increase in the expansion velocity that makes the
medium diluted. The mean intensity profile changes significantly when dust
scattering is incorporated. The increase in forward scattering of photons by
the dust particles yields into an increase in the mean intensity as compared to
that without dust. The mean intensity increases as the particle size is
increased. Thus it is shown that both the expansion of the medium and the
presence of dust play important role in determining the mean intensity of a
planetary nebulae.Comment: 18 pages, Elseveir style (cls file included), 5 postscript figures,
Accepted for publication in New Astronom
Quasar Evolution and the Baldwin Effect in the Large Bright Quasar Survey
From a large homogeneous sample of optical/UV emission line measurements for
993 quasars from the Large Bright Quasar Survey (LBQS), we study correlations
between emission line equivalent width and both restframe ultraviolet
luminosity (i.e., the Baldwin Effect) and redshift. Our semi-automated spectral
fitting accounts for absorption lines, fits blended iron emission, and provides
upper limits to weak emission lines. Use of a single large, well-defined sample
and consistent emission line measurements allows us to sensitively detect many
correlations, most of which have been previously noted. A new finding is a
significant Baldwin Effect in UV iron emission. Further analysis reveals that
the primary correlation of iron emission strength is probably with redshift,
implying an evolutionary rather than a luminosity effect. We show that for most
emission lines with a significant Baldwin Effect, and for some without,
evolution dominates over luminosity effects. This may reflect evolution in
abundances, in cloud covering factors, or overall cloud conditions such as
density and ionization. We find that in our sample, a putative correlation
between Baldwin Effect slope and the ionization potential is not significant.
Uniform measurements of other large quasar samples will extend the luminosity
and redshift range of such spectral studies and provide even stronger tests of
spectral evolution.Comment: 16 pages, Latex, emulateapj style, including 3 tables and 6 figures.
Accepted April 02, 2001 for publication in ApJ Main Journal. See also
http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~pgreen/Papers.htm
Initial Ionization of Compressible Turbulence
We study the effects of the initial conditions of turbulent molecular clouds
on the ionization structure in newly formed H_{ii} regions, using
three-dimensional, photon-conserving radiative transfer in a pre-computed
density field from three-dimensional compressible turbulence. Our results show
that the initial density structure of the gas cloud can play an important role
in the resulting structure of the H_{ii} region. The propagation of the
ionization fronts, the shape of the resulting H_{ii} region, and the total mass
ionized depend on the properties of the turbulent density field. Cuts through
the ionized regions generally show ``butterfly'' shapes rather than spherical
ones, while emission measure maps are more spherical if the turbulence is
driven on scales small compared to the size of the H_{ii} region. The
ionization structure can be described by an effective clumping factor , where is number density of the gas. The larger
the value of , the less mass is ionized, and the more irregular the
H_{ii} region shapes. Because we do not follow dynamics, our results apply only
to the early stage of ionization when the speed of the ionization fronts
remains much larger than the sound speed of the ionized gas, or Alfv\'en speed
in magnetized clouds if it is larger, so that the dynamical effects can be
negligible.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures, version with high quality color images can be
found in http://research.amnh.org/~yuexing/astro-ph/0407249.pd
One Probe - Two Goals: Aspects of agreement in Dutch dialects
In Dutch dialects, verbs and complementizers can bear different morphological affixes depending on which nominal element they agree with in their local syntactic domain. For instance, in a dialect such as tegelen Dutch, the complementizer agrees with the first conjunct of a coordinated subject, while in Lapscheure Dutch, the complementizer agrees with the coordinated subject as a whole. Using a vast array of new data on complementizer agreement, first conjunct agreement, agreement with pronouns, verbal agreement and subject doubling in Dutch dialects, this study argues that the interplay between syntax and morphology is more intricate than has hitherto been assumed. More precisely, it is shown that the syntactic component determines which local nominal elements qualify for agreement with the verb or complementizer, depending on the specificity of the affix. The analysis is extended to similar syntactic contexts in typologically different languages such as Irish, Hebrew, Finnish, Tsez and Arabic.UBL - phd migration 201
Leren in een levensloop : kwalitatief onderzoek naar jeugdervaringen die bijdragen aan betrokkenheid bij natuur en milieu
Dit rapport beschrijft een onderzoek naar de invloed van jeugdervaringen - met name in de basisschoolperiode - op de manier waarop mensen later omgaan met natuur en milieu. Het onderzoek bouwt voort op het onderzoek "Hoe duurzaam is NME?" van Smit et al. (2006). Uit de steekproef van Smit werden 23 respondenten van vier scholen geselecteerd. Daarbij is gezorgd voor een gebalanceerde vertegenwoordiging van leerlingen met meer en minder milieubetrokkenheid en scholen met relatief veel en weinig NME-activiteiten. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat ouders de meeste invloed hebben op de manier waarop mensen met natuur en milieu omgaan. Voor een meerderheid van de respondenten hebben de ouders duidelijk invloed gehad op de huidige omgang met natuur en milieu
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